Card-Based Cryptographic Protocols with Malicious Players Using Private Operations

Abstract This paper shows new card-based cryptographic protocols using private operations that are secure against malicious players. Physical cards used in instead of computers. Operations a player executes place where the other players cannot see called operations. Using several operations, calculations two variable Boolean functions and copy were realized with minimum number cards. Though very powerful protocols, there is problem it hard to prevent actions during most discussed semi-honest model, might be cases when model not enough. Thus, this We show logical XOR, AND, n -variable function, protocols. can execute any computations combination these use envelopes as an additional tool easily prepared by people.